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CHRIS IN VA

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Progressive Economic Policies #4

Tue Sep 7, 2010 1:02 PM EDT
history, depression, progressive, economic, wilson, harding
By Chris in VA
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As the end of Wilson's second term approached, the U.S. economy sunk into an economic depression. Wilson had led America through WWI, but he also increased the size of government and accumulated a huge debt in the process.

More precisely, the Depression of 1920 was caused by the following:

  • War time expenditures- Obviously, this is something that Wilson did not have a choice in because the federal government is tasked with providing for the common defense of the country according to the Constitution.
  • Monetary Policy- Due to the establishment of the Federal Reserve, mistakes were made when dealing with the economic crisis. Adjusting for the differences in time, inflation rising above 20%. The deflation that set in when the NY Fed raised its discount rate was more severe during this time frame than at any other point in American history including The Great Depression.
  • Adjustment of the economy- At the end of the war, the economy needed to revert back to a peace-time basis and it took some time to do.
  • Labor Unions- During the war, unions took advantage of the situation by demanding increased wages knowing that there was no other options for business and government because of the lack of a large work force.

Some of the economic conditions that came about due to the economic policies established by Wilson.

  • Unemployment had tripled from 4% to 12%
  • GNP had declined 17%

So, when Harding became president, he inherited a far worse situation due, in part, to the progressive economic policies of Wilson. So, Harding had to make decisions to address this situation.

Secretary of Commerce Hoover, another Progressive, urged Harding to implement a number of government interventions to turn the economy around. (Does this sound familiar to anyone?)

Harding had other ideas. One his campaign slogans was "Less Government in Business" which he immediately called for almost immediately upon taking office.

  • Taxes on corporate revenues and excess profits were cut- This was an attempt to foster investment on the part of business which would in turn put people back to work.
  • Income taxes were relatively unchanged- This makes sense in my mind. What good is it to raise income taxes when people did not have a job to begin with? That may be a simplistic view, but it is a logical one.
  • Government spending was slashed mercilessly- (What is Obama asking for now? Another $50 billion. This is supposed to create jobs (again) and right the economy.)
  • Other than that, Harding kept the government out of the way. He allowed the economy to quickly bottom out so it would then be able to start growing again.

How well did it work?

  • The Depression of 1920 lasted about 18 months.
  • Unemployment peaked at 11.7% in 1921 and dropped to an astoundingly low 1.8% in 1926.
  • GNP rebounded to $74 billion in 1922.

This gave birth to The Roaring Twenties. A time where the U.S. saw the greatest expansion of the middle class as compared to any other point in its history. All amazingly accomplished without the help (better yet hindrance) of the federal government.

Other articles in the series:
Progressive Economic Policies
Progressive Economic Policies #2
Progressive Economic Policies #3

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  • Public Discussion (29)
Chris in VA

Unlike what Obama says now about the greed of business and Wall Street, the Great Depression came about during a time when workers earned more and businesses less.

So, business is not the evil Obama is making it out to be. Maybe he should learn from Harding on how to deal with an economic downturn instead of emulating FDR.

  • 9 votes
Reply#1 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 1:04 PM EDT
A. Macarthur

Disagree Chris!

Full employment is obviously the most economically viable situation; but when there is high unemployment (presently Republican CEO's export jobs and Republican farms are the biggest employers of illegal workers), to prevent a depression, money has to be pumped into the economy. That's why extending benefits to the unemployed is critical!

Ironically or insidiously, in 1999, Republican Phil Gramm pushed for and got the reversal of the Wall Street safeguards implemented to prevent a second Great Depression. We have been living the results.

It's factual and its history - and not just American history ... depressions are always characterized by high unemployment ...

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline.

The depression originated in the U.S., starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). From there, it quickly spread to almost every country in the world.

The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped. while international trade plunged ...

Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as cash cropping, mining and logging suffered the most.

And ...

Republicans kill federal jobs bill
By Andrew Taylor

ASSOCIATED PRESS

WASHINGTON - Republicans defeated Democrats' showcase election-year jobs bill, including an extension of weekly unemployment benefits for more than a million people out of work more than six months.

The 57-41 vote fell three votes short of the 60 required to crack a GOP filibuster, delivering a major blow to President Obama and Democrats facing big losses of House and Senate seats in the fall election.

The rejected bill would have provided $16 billion in new aid to states, preserving the jobs of thousands of state and local government workers and providing what White House officials called an insurance policy against a double-dip recession. It also included dozens of tax breaks sought by business lobbyists, and tax increases on domestically produced oil and on investment fund managers.

The demise of the bill means that unemployment benefits will phase out for more than 200,000 people a week. Governors who had been counting on federal aid will now have to consider a fresh round of budget cuts, tax increases and layoffs of state workers.

"This is a bill that would remedy serious challenges that American families face as a result of this Great Recession," said Max Baucus (D., Mont.), the bill's chief author.

A. Mac

Got LOTS MORE ON THIS ... just ask.

  • 5 votes
Reply#2 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 1:12 PM EDT
Chris in VA

Now, we got something to talk about. Two different depressions being discussed here, BTW.

The difference I am trying to illustrate here with the Depression of 1920 is that Harding allowed the economy to reset itself without government intervention.

Raising taxes, unbalanced budgets, and "fiscal stimulus" are all principles of Kensyian economics which is what progressives since FDR have used to correct economic downturns. None of them have done so in a expedient timeframe; much less actually given birth to a period of economic prosperity similar to the '20s.

If anything, the government taking in more money (which includes taxing the rich or super-rich) is counterintuitive to logical thought (e.g. how I can make money; if the government is taking it all away.)

Business needs to be allowed to invest without concern that the cost of business is going to go up. This is something Harding understood.

HCR, which has to have a tax increase to be paid for, and proposals such as cap and trade are going to increase costs to live, much less do business. Long term job growth will not happen in this type of economic climate.

Wouldn't this be part of the reason Obama is still asking for yet another spending bill? Businesses aren't inclined to invest while unsure/uncertain of long range costs.

  • 9 votes
#2.1 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 1:24 PM EDT
Chris in VA

Where did that second part come from?? It didn't show up when I first read the comment.

...including an extension of weekly unemployment benefits for more than a million people out of work more than six months.

There are two aspects of this for me.

For the individual who honestly tries to gain employment on a consistent and continual basis, then I could support this. However, there will be those who will beat the system and use the 99 weeks to be able to have "an income" without ever actually having to work.

Also, this chips away from personal responsibility. At this point, one in six people are on the government dole. Something like this doesn't provide incentive to do otherwise.

The rejected bill would have provided $16 billion in new aid to states, preserving the jobs of thousands of state and local government workers

Two parts here.

The first problem is that is directed at state and local government workers. Public sector jobs is the only area where jobs are increasing. That will not solve the issue. Everyone can not work for the government. So, the bill is only a temporary rememdy.

Mind you, teachers, police and firefighters do not get paid what they should.

and providing what White House officials called an insurance policy against a double-dip recession.

Wasn't that what Obama said the stimulus would do?

  • 5 votes
#2.2 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 2:12 PM EDT
A. Macarthur

Chris wrote,

HCR, which has to have a tax increase to be paid for, and proposals such as cap and trade are going to increase costs to live, much less do business. Long term job growth will not happen in this type of economic climate.

Wouldn't this be part of the reason Obama is still asking for yet another spending bill? Businesses aren't inclined to invest while unsure/uncertain of long range costs.

No!

You've read the misrepresentations ... here's the actual information ... the WSJ is not an advocate of the Middle Class ...

FACT: HR 4872 did not include a public option and allows a market-based mechanism and insurance exchanges to bring down the cost of health insurance by opening the market for private insurance companies to millions of new customers (Sections 1311-1313; 1321-1324).

American Health Benefit Exchanges: Requirements
Section 1311(d) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

American Health Benefit Exchanges: Certification of Qualified Health Plans
Section 1311(d) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

.

  • 3 votes
#2.3 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 2:40 PM EDT
Chris in VA

HR 4872?? I thought it was HR 3590.

I am in the middle of some work issues here, A Mac, so I will have to respond to this later.

  • 5 votes
#2.4 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 2:45 PM EDT
A. Macarthur

Chris ...

Posted thew wrong response ... but the info in #2.3 is still interesting and addresses another misrepresentation by the WSJ et al.

Hang on ... I'll post what I had intended.

NOT TRUE: Health care reform would tax all small businesses
NOT TRUE: The House Democrats' bill will raise income taxes on small businesses.
• Wall Street Journal editorial: "The health-care bill is a jobs killer, with its 5.4-percentage point income surtax that would hit small business especially hard." [Wall Street Journal, 8/9/09]

REALITY: Ways and Means committee stated that according to JCT, only 4.1 percent of small-business owners would be affected by surtax. The legislation would http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/111/catext3200.pdf#page=196 http://mediamatters.org/rd?to=http%3A%2F%2Fwaysandmeans.house.gov%2Fmedia%2Fpdf%2F111%2Fcatext3200.pdf%23page%3D197 http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/111/catext3200.pdf#page=197">establish a 1 percent tax on joint income exceeding $350,000 but not greater than $500,000 per year; a 1.5 percent tax on joint income exceeding $500,000 but not greater than $1 million per year; and a 5.4 percent tax on joint income exceeding $1 million per year. Single filers would be subject to the surtax starting at income exceeding $280,000 per year. The House Ways and Means Committee stated, "Using the broadest definition of a small business owner (i.e., any individual with as little as $1 of small business income), the nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation has estimated that only 4.1% of all small business owners would be affected by the health care surcharge."
CLAIM: House Democrats' bill would subject all small businesses to an 8 percent payroll tax as a penalty for not providing insurance to employees.

• GRETCHEN CARLSON: "[T]he real victim, potentially, of this health care reform ... is the small business owner. ... [T]hey are going to be hit potentially with this health care reform if they don't offer health care to their employees -- an 8 percent penalty on them." [Fox & Friends, 7/16/09]

REALITY: Companies with annual payrolls of less than $250,000 would pay no penalty under the House bill. The House bill would establish a 2 percent payroll penalty for employers with combined payroll between $250,000 to $300,000 that don't offer health insurance to employees; a 4 percent penalty for employers with $300,000 to $350,000 in payroll; a 6 percent penalty for employers with $350,000 to $400,000 in payroll; and an 8 percent penalty for companies with annual payrolls exceeding $400,000. Additionally, the bill establishes tax credits for small-business employers that do provide health care.

  • 4 votes
#2.5 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 2:46 PM EDT
Chris in VA

Bear with me A.Mac...I have to start my commute home and then my son's football practice. I plan on being back online later tonight.

  • 4 votes
#2.6 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 3:27 PM EDT
Chris in VA

A. Mac,

Post 2.3:

From the statutory language you have referenced--

(ii) State Must Assume Cost--A state shall make payments (I) to an individual enrolled in a qualified health plan offered in such state; or (II) on behalf of an individual described in subclause (I) directly to the qualified health plan in which such individual is enrolled; to defray the cost of any additional benefits de scribed in clause (i).

From an economic standpoint, states would be required to raise the money in some fashion to defray the cost of providing the benefits to individuals. Do remember that this is supposed to include all people now.

So, the question is how would the states go about the business of defraying the costs?

More to come.

  • 4 votes
#2.7 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 9:17 PM EDT
Chris in VA

As for small businesses--

Not all small businesses will necessarily qualify for the tax credit that is supposed to be part of Obamacare.

As for costs...

Section 1511 (I'll have to find a new link to the bill. My old one isn't there anymore, but I downloaded the bill.) Do a word search for employer or shared employer responsibility.

  • Employers with more than 200 employees and more than 1 insurance plan-- automatic enrollment
  • Any large employer with waiting periods more than 30 days for an employee to enroll and obtain minimum coverage will be hit with an assessable payment for each fulll-time employee
  • BTW, according to the bill, the term "applicable large employer" is defined as having employed 50 full-time employees for the previous calendar year. (Let's not even talk about new businesses that didn't exist the previous calendar year.)
  • Full-term employee is defined as someone who works 30 hours a week. (So, McDonald's would then have to offer coverage to all of its employees.)

So, costs will increase.

The idea that insurers will have access to millions of new customers is misleading at best. Only companies working in multiple states will have that kind of access. Otherwise, the insurers would only have access to the state within which they are currently working.

...if the employee purchases a qualified health plan through the exchange, the employee will lose the employer contribution (if any) to any health benefits plan offered by the employer...

An interesting tidbit that jumped out at me. So businesses would have some impetus to push their employees into the state exchanges. So, costs are a consideration.

Will continue this tomorrow, time permitting.

  • 4 votes
#2.8 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 11:14 PM EDT
T Bourlon

I will read your other columns when I get a chance - this was an interesting read. As for healthcare, I saw a brief interview on O'Reilly's show last night about the healthcare bill, and the fact that insurance premiums are going UP all over the country - by as much as 21%! Why do you suppose THAT is? Could it be that insurance companies are making the average consumer pay extra to help cover those formerly excluded people with pre-existing conditions? You know, those new customers that were supposed to push the rates DOWN? C'mon, you guys didn't REALLY think that premiums would go down, did you???

  • 2 votes
#2.9 - Tue Sep 14, 2010 10:41 AM EDT
Chris in VA

I will read your other columns when I get a chance - this was an interesting read.

Thanks. I just wish I had more time to do the research on these. There is a number 5 in the works as well.

and the fact that insurance premiums are going UP all over the country - by as much as 21%! Why do you suppose THAT is? Could it be that insurance companies are making the average consumer pay extra to help cover those formerly excluded people with pre-existing conditions? You know, those new customers that were supposed to push the rates DOWN? C'mon, you guys didn't REALLY think that premiums would go down, did you???

The cost of doing business is the cost of doing business...and no matter what party is in power will not change that. A business that can't make money will not be in business very long.

  • 2 votes
#2.10 - Tue Sep 14, 2010 3:11 PM EDT
Reply
sscott

Great article Chris.

Heritage did a great series of articles about how FDR's policies extended the Great Depression, and how Obama's policies are extending the great recession.

  • 9 votes
Reply#3 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 1:45 PM EDT
Chris in VA

Thanks. I thought that a historical look was warranted. I had been meaning to get back to this for awhile.

  • 6 votes
#3.1 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 2:13 PM EDT
Reply
Pete520

So how did we get out of the Great Depression, Chris?

I know...you're going to tell me that the war took us out of the GD...and I won't disagree.

So let me ask again...how did the war take us out of the GD? Does shooting Germans or Japanese magically cause an economy to rebound? Or was it the massive infusion of capital from the federal government? Or was it the fact that women went to work when the boys were "over there" fighting the war...this effectuated more income for the middle class, more spending power for the middle class, thus more money flowing through the economy? And who was funding that income, Chris? Was it companies like Ford? Well, technically, yes...but the reality was that the federal government took over the car companies and other manufacturing plants to build military products...so Ford might have been cutting the check, but they were doing so with the full backing of the federal government.

So the men fighting the way were getting paid by the federal government, the women working at home in the factories were getting paid by the federal government, and the companies manufacturing necessary war materials were getting paid by the federal government.

So when you think about it, WW2 is actually a great example of how Keynesian policy can work...but the injection of federal funds needs to be massive, not half-measured. The other elephant in the room is that in return to getting the economy back, tax rates need to climb so as to avoid huge deficits going forward...that's why the wealthiest Americans had a marginal tax rate of 94% during the last two years of World War 2...it was on all income in excess of $200 thousand. Back then, those who supported a war effort also supported paying for said war effort...even the wealthiest Americans.

  • 1 vote
Reply#4 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 2:50 PM EDT
Dog_Blue

The reality is that there was no massive infusion of money from the federal government coffers. The government had to borrow money to conduct the war. Much of that money came from the private sector. The expansion of industrial output was the reason the fist depression was ended. Today we have pretty much eviscerated our heavy industrial base and such an effort would be very costly indeed.

  • 7 votes
#4.1 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 3:04 PM EDT
Chris in VA

Pete520,

This is about the Depression of 1920- not the Great Depression. That's going to be the focus of the next article in this series. So, save this comment for that one.

I will respond to one part of your comment though.

So when you think about it, WW2 is actually a great example of how Keynesian policy can work...but the injection of federal funds needs to be massive, not half-measured.

Yes and no. In a strict definition of the term, it did work. However, wartime military spending is not a typical situation. The Depression of 1920 and the Great Depression were initiated during peace-time.

However, it did not work in terms of sustained economic growth, numerous historians have argued that economic growth was sustained because politicians started undoing some of the New Deal policies that FDR had implemented.

  • 5 votes
#4.2 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 3:17 PM EDT
Pete520

The government had to borrow money to conduct the war. Much of that money came from the private sector.

As it does today...it comes from individuals, corporations, and countries buying T-Notes, T-Bills, etc. Either way, it's federal debt today...and it was federal debt during WW2.

  • 1 vote
#4.3 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 3:19 PM EDT
SCTexan

If wars alone solved recessions/depressions, then we shouldn't be in a recession now, remember the two going on for some time.

  • 3 votes
#4.4 - Wed Sep 8, 2010 8:50 AM EDT
Chris in VA

Wars can stimulate an economy unlike fiscal spending because of a unity of purpose on the part of the populace. However, it will never be able to sustain the economy for an extended period of time.

  • 4 votes
#4.5 - Wed Sep 8, 2010 11:08 AM EDT
Dog_Blue

SC Texan;

What are you talking about?

  • 5 votes
#4.6 - Wed Sep 8, 2010 11:27 AM EDT
Chris in VA

He's responding to Pete520's comment about how WW2 ended The Great Depression.

  • 4 votes
#4.7 - Wed Sep 8, 2010 11:32 AM EDT
Pete520

Wars can stimulate an economy unlike fiscal spending because of a unity of purpose

I would agree with you, Chris, if you had said "Wars used to stimulate an economy unlike fiscal spending because of a unity of purpose."

I believe the last decade has proven otherwise. On September 12, 2001, about 90% of us supported President Bush (including lefties like myself) in his efforts to go after Bin Laden in Afghanistan. Would I have been willing to pay higher taxes to support this effort? Absolutely. Would Republicans have been willing to do so as well? I would say they would have, too...I can only say "Absolutely" for myself. We had a unity of purpose, and I think America would have made sacrifices (both financial and with their time) to achieve that purpose.

But what happened? We (who were not in the military) were told we didn't need to make any sacrifices. We were encouraged to live life as we had been living it. We were encouraged to go out and spend our tax cuts. We weren't asked to do a damned thing if we weren't wearing a uniform...except honor those who wear that uniform. And to this day, I don't know and haven't met a single person - liberal or conservative - who doesn't hold our soldiers in the highest esteem. Even those of us on the left who have grown weary of Afghanistan (and who never supported Iraq) have the utmost respect for the sacrifices of our men and women in uniform.

In short, if we were told on September 12 that we would need to make sacrifices to support our brothers and sisters in uniform, we would have done it. We would have paid higher taxes to support the war efforts, we would have supported the companies making military supplies (through investment and everyday purchases), we would have looked at our 2000-square-foot homes and realized that we didn't need 4000-square-foot homes, we would have been satisfied with the goods we owned considering that we just sent our young heroes over to Afghanistan to find Bin Laden. All of this probably would have kept us from hitting the economic doldrums that surfaced in 2007.

Instead, we were encouraged to grow the economy through over-the-top and irresponsible spending. We became the "look what I got" people with a myopic attitude of singularity ("what's in it for me?").

George Bush and the Republicans could have been in power for twenty years had they moved our country in the direction of unity of purpose...but the ball was dropped, and we proved ourselves too selfish a people to even hold a candle to the light that was our Greatest Generation.

Sorry for the long post...just had my third cup of coffee...

    #4.8 - Thu Sep 9, 2010 11:21 AM EDT
    Chris in VA

    All good points.

    But what happened? We (who were not in the military) were told we didn't need to make any sacrifices.

    This is definitely a major difference between the "greatest generation" and what we have today.

    For Bush to have said that we would have to make sacifices for multiple years, I would venture a guess that it would have been accepted initially; but eventually (within a year or two); it would have changed to skepticism and then protest. (Pure speculation; but could that have been the reason for the "Mission Accomplished" speech? Totally different article.)

    Sacrifice involves belief-- and I guess that is the question here. Did people believe in the need for war (or in anything for that matter) so much that they would willingly sacfice for however long it takes?

    Sorry for the long post...just had my third cup of coffee...

    I appreciate it, because it was substantive which is something I always welcome. It generates discussion and not discord.

    • 3 votes
    #4.9 - Thu Sep 9, 2010 11:41 AM EDT
    Pete520

    For Bush to have said that we would have to make sacifices for multiple years, I would venture a guess that it would have been accepted initially; but eventually (within a year or two); it would have changed to skepticism and then protest.

    Perhaps, but I'm not so sure. If Iraq hadn't happened (which is where our former President Bush lost a lot of us on the left) and if we were hearing positive updates from the front (think about World War II...the American people knew what was going on in Europe and the Pacific), perhaps we would have stayed behind it if progress was made. If there was no progress, then I completely agree with your sentiment about skepticism and protest...and perhaps rightfully so.

    That said, we really weren't encouraged to see what was going on behind the curtain...live your lives! We'll get them over there so they won't get us over here! Etc. Ironically, the result of keeping us in the dark, keeping us looking out for ourselves, keeping us shopping, is arguably what led to skepticism and protest.

    I strongly believe that the encouragement of a unity of purpose could have built more trust in our government (from both sides of the aisle). Now, however, democrats don't trust that republicans have our best interest in mind...and republicans don't trust that democrats have our best interest in mind. And our news cycles (from the left and the right) are filled with skepticism of, protest to, and hate for what the other side is doing or proposing.

    With the exception of a small percentage of our citizens, on September 12, 2001, we were a unified nation...and now we're not. To me, that is the real tragedy of the last nine years. We had a chance to grow with a unity of purpose and didn't take it. Rather, we became 150 million islands on one side and 150 million islands on the other, pointing fingers at the other side for the break up. And now we can't even talk with each other about potential solutions to our ills.

    It's sad...and I don't know how we'll get the unity back. And when I refer to unity, I don't mean communistic unity...rather, like a bunch of individual athletes win only as a team, we should have both individual and unity purposes living together...a hybrid of the most extreme views of each party.

      #4.10 - Thu Sep 9, 2010 12:10 PM EDT
      T Bourlon

      WW2 was funded by the sale of War Bonds - bonds sold to the general public. Or did you think the gov't waived some kind of magic wand and just made the money appear out of thin air? The only other way it could have been funded was with tax increases. Hm, apparently Roosevelt didn't think tax increases during a depression was all that great of an idea - imagine that!

      • 1 vote
      #4.11 - Tue Sep 14, 2010 10:44 AM EDT
      Reply
      A. Macarthur

      HR4872 was the Reconciliation

      HR 3590 ...

      This is the major health care reform bill, signed into law by President Obama on March 23, 2010.

      It would expand health care coverage to 31 million currently uninsured Americans through a combination of cost controls, subsidies and mandates. It is estimated to cost $848 billion over a 10 year period, but would be fully offset by new taxes and revenues and would actually reduce the deficit by $131 billion over the same period.

      The Democratic Policy Committee has posted a summary and more information about the bill. The Republicans have posted their own summary here (.pdf).

      • 2 votes
      Reply#5 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 3:00 PM EDT
      Dog_Blue

      -

      • 1 vote
      Reply#6 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 3:01 PM EDT
      Menander

      Here's an interesting video of the time you're talking about, Chris.
      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czcUmnsprQI
      It's a long video but it's worth watching.

      • 2 votes
      Reply#7 - Tue Sep 7, 2010 4:54 PM EDT
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